Field hockey is played between two teams of not more than 11 players from each team. Of these 11, one must be a goalkeeper. If the goalkeeper is suspended or incapacitated, she must be replaced immediately by another goalkeeper. If another goalkeeper is not available, the field player replacing the goalkeeper must wear protective headgear and a differently colored shirt from her teammates and opponents. When a goalkeeper is suspended, the team must have one fewer player on the field. Player substitution in field hockey is very similar to ice hockey. The player(s) being replaced have unlimited reentry, and the number of players being substituted is limited to two at a time. The player(s) being substituted must run completely off the side of the field near the centerline before the substitute may enter the field of play. The game clock continues during the "rolling" substitution procedure unless the umpire has suspended play because of injury or the issuing of a card reprimand. Suspended player(s) may not be permitted a substitute as their team must continue the game with fewer field players than their opponents.
Captains
Every team has a captain on the field who wears a differentiating armband. A team captain has four main responsibilities during the course of a game: (1) meet with the umpires to participate in the coin toss for the choice of ends or possession of the ball at the opening pass; (2) ensure proper execution of substitution and identify the goalkeepers or, if necessary, players who substitute for the goalkeepers; (3) in the event the captain is either replaced or suspended, ensure that another captain is designated instantly and that the new captain wears the captain's armband; and (4) ensure that team players show proper behavior.
Umpires and Timekeepers
A field hockey game is controlled by two umpires who administer the rules and ensure fast and fair play. Umpires position along the sidelines, venturing onto the field only when necessary. They maintain sole accountability for decisions on the ball that goes out of play for the full length of their nearer sideline (see illustration 5) and back line. Umpires' responsibilities include decisions on corners, penalty strokes, and goals in their own field half and free hits in their own circle. They also have the responsibility to make certain that the full time or agreed time is played, and they are responsible for keeping a written record of goals scored and warnings or suspensions issued. One or two timekeepers may be positioned at the score table to keep the game time.
Umpires blow a whistle to (1) start and end each half of the game; (2) signal fouls and enforce penalties or suspend the game for any other reason; (3) start and end a penalty stroke; (4) signal a goal and to restart after a goal is scored or after suspension of play; (5) sometimes indicate that the ball is entirely out-of-bounds when it is not obvious to the players; and (6) restart the game after an unsuccessful shot from a penalty stroke.
Advantage Rule
The advantage rule allows the game to flow even though a foul may have occurred. A good umpire applies the advantage rule often and wisely by anticipating what will happen in the next few seconds. When using the advantage rule, the umpires delay enforcing a penalty in situations in which an advantage would be given to the offending team.
Player Conduct Fouls
The major field hockey fouls include the following:
1. Play the ball with the rounded side of the stick.
2. Take part in or intrude in the game without their own sticks in their hands.
3. Play the ball above the shoulder with any part of the stick.
4. Lift sticks over the heads of players or raise sticks in a manner that is dangerous, intimidating, or restraining to other players.
5. Play the ball wildly in a way that is dangerous or is likely to lead to
dangerous play.
6. Hit, charge or shove, kick, trip, hold, hook, strike at, or handle
another player's stick or clothing.
7. Throw any object or piece of playing equipment onto the field, at
the ball, at a player, or at an umpire.
8. Stop the ball with the hand or catch it; intentionally stop, kick,
propel, pick up, throw, or carry the ball in any manner other than with
their sticks.
9. Use the foot or leg to support the stick in a tackle.
10. Intentionally raise the ball from a free hit or at another player.
11. Intentionally raise the ball so that it lands directly in the shooting
circle.
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